International Journal of Disaster Risk Managemen (IJDRM)

International Journal of Disaster Risk Management is a peer-reviewed (twice a year) journal serves all aspects of disaster studies, policy, and management. It provides a platform for academics, policymakers and practitioners to publish high-quality research and practice concerning natural disasters, anthropogenic disasters, complex political emergencies and crises around the world. View - http://internationaljournalofdisasterriskmanagement.com/index.php/Vol1/about

Disaster Risk Assessment and Management Challenges Faced by University Libraries: A Case Study of Disaster-Prone Region Hazara, Pakistan

Authors

Saima Hanif, Muhammad Awais, Syed Arif Ali Shah

Abstract

The Hazara region in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is highly susceptible to disasters. This research investigates the types of disasters that can affect university libraries in the Hazara region and the challenges they pose. The study population consisted of university library staff from the Hazara region. Using purposive sampling, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with library staff in key positions. There are 5 universities in this region. The qualitative data, subjected to thematic analysis, highlighted principal themes and emerged subthemes. Two major themes were identified for the disaster types — natural and man-made disasters — while 3 major themes were identified for the challenges — funding, lack of policies, and lack of planning. The findings include natural and man-made disasters, cyberattacks, a lack of institutional policies for disaster mitigation, insufficient budgets, inadequate roads and bridges, and limited awareness of how to handle disasters. Based on these findings, specific recommendations and practical implications are provided, including policy development, training, community engagement, early warning systems, infrastructure development, resource allocation, and security systems. The study advocates for a practical approach to disaster management. The study's conclusions and recommendations have implications for library specialists, policymakers, and shareholders in the Hazara Region and beyond.

Keywords

disaster risk assessment (DRA), challenges in the implementation of disaster management, academic libraries, hazara region, Pakistan

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 295-312
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

DOI: View DOI record
Article Page: View article page
PDF: Download full-text PDF

Suggested Citation

Hanif, S., Muhammad Awais, & Syed Arif Ali Shah. (2025). Disaster Risk Assessment and Management Challenges Faced by University Libraries: A Case Study of Disaster-Prone Region Hazara, Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 295-312. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.16

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Digital Literacy and Educational Empowerment Among Rural Women in Bangladesh: Bridging the Technology Access Gap

Authors

Ritesh Karmaker, Vladimir M. Cvetković

Abstract

This study explores how digital literacy influences the education and empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh from 2015 to 2024. Using data from surveys, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups, it examines how rural women access digital technologies, the challenges they face, and the social and educational benefits of increased digital engagement. Despite growth in digital literacy and ICT access over the past decade, rural women still face significant hurdles, including socioeconomic barriers, cultural and gender norms, limited digital infrastructure, high device costs, and unequal training opportunities. These structural issues, along with regional differences and low digital awareness, continue to widen the gender digital divide. The findings show that digital literacy significantly enhances educational participation, access to online learning, communication, and opportunities for income generation and entrepreneurship. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of digital skills for maintaining educational continuity and for remote service access. However, participation remains uneven, especially among the most marginalized rural groups. The study emphasizes the need for targeted, gender-sensitive digital literacy programs that address affordability, connectivity, and cultural barriers. It also recommends policies to improve rural ICT infrastructure, expand community-based training, and foster inclusive digital ecosystems. Overall, this research provides new empirical evidence, showing that digital literacy—when combined with accessible infrastructure and culturally appropriate programs—can be a powerful tool for closing educational gaps, enabling socioeconomic mobility, and advancing gender equality in rural Bangladesh.

Keywords

digital literacy, technology access, rural education, gender inequality, digital divide

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 239-262
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

DOI: View DOI record
Article Page: View article page
PDF: Download full-text PDF

Suggested Citation

Karmaker, R., & Cvetković, V. M. (2025). Digital Literacy and Educational Empowerment Among Rural Women in Bangladesh: Bridging the Technology Access Gap. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 239-262. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.13

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Differential Risk and the Elements of Resilience: A Framework for Advancing Disaster Risk Reduction

Authors

Rhinadel Canete, Rustico “Rusty” Biñas

Abstract

Traditional Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) models often cconceptualize risk as a uniform condition affecting populations and assets equally. This article challenges that paradigm by introducing the concept of differential risk—a framework that recognizes risk as a variable, context-specific phenomenon experienced at distinct, quantifiable levels by various elements at risk. These elements—ranging from individual lives and livelihoods to infrastructure and ecosystems—possess differing capacities to withstand and recover from hazards, even under identical physical impacts. The core argument is that an element’s intrinsic capacity to survive and bounce forward, together with the state of support systems and structures (its “resilience capacity”), fundamentally determines its risk profile. By integrating this understanding into DRR practice allows for a shift from generalized, top-down approaches towards more precise, capacity-based strategies that yield nuanced, targeted, and ultimately more effective risk-informed plans and solutions. The paper elaborates the theoretical foundations of differential risk and presents a practical framework for its application in DRR policy, planning, and implementation.

Keywords

differential risk, vulnerability, capacity, disaster risk reduction, resilience, climate change , adaptation, hazard, preparedness

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 209-238
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

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Suggested Citation

Canete, R., & Biñas, R. “Rusty”. (2025). Differential Risk and the Elements of Resilience: A Framework for Advancing Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 209-238. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.12

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COSI-SAFE: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Framework for Evaluating Urban Open Space Suitability for Post-Earthquake Emergency Sheltering

Authors

Nazma Ahmed, Md. Shahidul Islam

Abstract

Emergency response preparedness is a critical component of comprehensive earthquake risk management. The selection of suitable sites for post-disaster emergency sheltering during the response phase is central to effective contingency planning in densely populated urban areas. However, conventional planning often relies on ad-hoc methods that fail to systematically balance competing suitability factors. We propose COSI-SAFE, a Comprehensive Open Space Suitability Index (COSI)-based Suitability Assessment for Emergency-sheltering (SAFE) framework that evaluates the suitability of open spaces for temporary shelter establishment in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake in a densely populated urban area (Mirpur area in Dhaka City, Bangladesh), utilizing a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The evaluation framework defines suitability based on three key dimensions — quality, capacity, and accessibility. Quality indicators were derived from field surveys and secondary data sources. Capacity and accessibility assessments were conducted using spatial analysis tools, including network and proximity analysis in the ArcGIS platform. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to combine the three criteria and derive the COSI for the identified open spaces. The results indicate that most open spaces are either moderately or poorly suited for use as emergency shelters, with only a small fraction deemed highly favorable in a post-earthquake context. Specifically, 1.2% of the open spaces were found to be completely unsuitable, 23.5% had low suitability, 56.8% were moderately suitable, and only 18.5% were fairly suitable for temporary shelter establishment. When weighted by total open-space area rather than site counts, the distribution was: unsuitable 0.8%, low 18.0%, moderate 59.5%, and fair 21.7%, indicating that a limited number of large open spaces contribute disproportionately to the total available shelter area. The findings highlight the inadequacy of existing open spaces to accommodate potential sheltering demand, emphasizing the need for proactive planning in the studied region. Assuming a deterministic Mw 7.5 event and displacement rates of 80% for partially damaged and 100% for extensively damaged buildings, we estimate a shelter-seeking population of 576,678, of whom 242,381 (42.0%) could be accommodated within a 700 m walking radius at 1.7 m²/person. The developed methodology offers a replicable planning tool for policymakers, emergency managers, and responders to strengthen earthquake response preparedness and inform post-disaster response strategies in high-density, earthquake-prone urban areas.

Keywords

earthquake response, contingency planning, emergency shelter, open space suitability, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geographic Information System (GIS)

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 169-192
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

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Suggested Citation

Ahmed, N., & Islam, M. S. (2025). COSI-SAFE: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Framework for Evaluating Urban Open Space Suitability for Post-Earthquake Emergency Sheltering. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 169-192. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.10

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A Comparative Analysis of Federal Emergency Management Systems: Evidence from the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, and Australia

Authors

Vedant V. Pandya

Abstract

This paper examines how federal emergency management systems in the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, and Australia differ in terms of governance arrangements, coordination mechanisms, and resilience-oriented practices. Using a qualitative, structured comparative case study design, it analyses legal frameworks, institutional architectures, funding mechanisms, and public engagement strategies across the five countries based on documentary analysis of legislation, policy frameworks, and peer-reviewed research. The analysis shows that all systems combine federal steering with subnational implementation. However, they vary significantly along four dimensions—centralization–decentralization, networked coordination, technological integration, and the role of volunteers and civil protection—resulting in distinct strengths and vulnerabilities. The study highlights transferable lessons for strengthening federal emergency management, including investing in multi-level resilience governance, institutionalized intergovernmental coordination, technology-enabled early warning, and sustained support for community-based and volunteer capacities.

Keywords

emergency management, disaster risk governance, federalism, resilience, intergovernmental coordination, comparative analysis

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 153-168
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

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Suggested Citation

Pandya, V. V. (2025). A Comparative Analysis of Federal Emergency Management Systems: Evidence from the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, and Australia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.9

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Community-Driven Risk Assessment: Integrating Local Perceptions into Quantifiable Risk Weights Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Geographical Information System (GIS)

Authors

Biswojit Kumar Roy, Md. Islamul Haque Shawon, Mohammad Mahdy Hasan

Abstract

This study integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess community flood risk in Maidipur, Kurigram, Bangladesh an area frequently affected by monsoon flooding. By combining community-based hazard and vulnerability indicators and satellite-derived hydrological, meteorological, and geological data, the research develops a Community Risk Map to identify and categorize hazard-prone zones. Fourteen indicators were ranked and weighted using AHP to generate hazard and vulnerability indices, which were then spatially overlaid in GIS to produce a composite flood risk map. Network also applied to identify optimal evacuation routes and assembly points based on shortest time travel and distance, avoid risk zone. Traditionally, practitioners relied on community perception and a limited set of factors for risk mapping. This study advances that approach by aligning local knowledge with scientific analysis, achieving a high accuracy rate (96.88%) validated through field visits and community engagement... The findings offer evidence- based insights for flood preparedness, shelter placement, and community resilience planning under the Disaster Risk Management framework.

Keywords

analytical hierarchy process (AHP), community risk mapping, hazard index and vulnerability index, remote sensing, transect walk, historical timeline, seasonal calendar, focus group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), geographic information system (GIS)

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-152
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

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Suggested Citation

Roy, B. K., Shawon, M. I. H., & Hasan, M. M. (2025). Community-Driven Risk Assessment: Integrating Local Perceptions into Quantifiable Risk Weights Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Geographical Information System (GIS). International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 131-152. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.8

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Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: Overcoming Barriers to Build Stronger Communities

Authors

Vladimir M. Cvetković, Bojana Aleksova, Renate Renner, Jasmina Gačić, Aleksandar Ivanov, Srđan Milašinović

Abstract

Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) plays a vital role in strengthening local communities' resilience against natural hazards and man-made disasters. This paper aims to examine the role of CBDRR in enhancing the resilience of local communities to both natural hazards and man-made disasters. It emphasises the crucial importance of active community involvement throughout all stages of disaster management, from preparedness and mitigation to response and recovery. Furthermore, the paper also looks into the key factors that contribute to the successful implementation of CBDRR, including institutional support, capacity development, inclusive strategies, and modern technologies. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities in building strong partnerships between local communities and external stakeholders, which are essential for ensuring the sustainability of these efforts. Finally, the paper offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of CBDRR initiatives, drawing on insights gained from past disaster experiences. The findings highlight the necessity of continuous monitoring and evaluation of CBDRR programmes to maintain their relevance and effectiveness as risks evolve. Incorporating lessons learned from past disasters into future planning also plays a crucial role in helping communities strengthen their resilience over time. Ultimately, by fostering collaboration between communities, governments, and various organisations, CBDRR lays the foundation for a comprehensive disaster management framework capable of meeting future challenges and supporting long-term sustainable development.

Keywords

disaster, CBDRR, community resilience, preparedness, capacity building, institutional support, participatory approach

Publication Details

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 113-130
Published: 2025-12-24

DOI and Full Text

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Suggested Citation

Cvetković, V. M., Aleksova, B., Renner, R., Gačić, J., Ivanov, A., & Milašinović, S. (2025). Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: Overcoming Barriers to Build Stronger Communities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(2), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.2.7

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